Saints vs Modern Day Role Models Essay -- Sociology, Leadership

THESIS STATEMENTSaints qualities can be viewed as more effectual modern portion models and leaders than the contemporary media influencing the youth.PURPOSE STATEMENTThe purpose of this research paper is to discuss the influence of the with the media to twenty-four hour period and how saints can be viewed as role models today, which will be supported with books and web sources on the related topics.INTRODUCTIONSaints qualities can be viewed as more effective modern role models and leaders than the contemporary media influencing the youth. The mass media influences our society today in what many should look up and follow their steps to. They create role models for the youth to base their decisions in life so they follow their role models actions. Research on violent television and films, video games, and medical specialty reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts says Ander son, (Anderson, The Influence of Media Violence on the Youth). This times lacks leaders that positively impact the youth into doing virtuous and productive actions. The media should expose role models that demonstration good qualities to influence the individuals into following them. Instead they taper negative role models for people to follow or for the youth to look up to. McFarland, author of 21st Century Leadership, states a quality a modern day leader should possess, Inspiring words, actions and emotions that propel others to go beyond their preconceived limits (28). The motives of a successful leader should be old(prenominal) and not just for pose. Good examples of genuine motives to do good deeds are saints, who fit in the classification of respectable role models to ... ...veryone. Good leaders need courage to show others and influence them in what they believe in. Alexander says, Courage is an essential quality in heroism. Heroes have courage to be true to themse lves. They are celebrated for their courage, nobility, or exploits (3). modern role models seldom offer stability, good choices, and morals unlike historical role models, such as saints that use their abilities to effect positive changes. According to theologian Lawrence Cunningham states, Saints show the possibility of a heroic life, even today (43). Instead of following the footsteps of the usual celebrities advertised by the media, looking back at the actions of saints show a more positive influence for the youth today. People should base their choices on good examples seen in righteous models who have a vision and show their beliefs through their actions.

Personal Narrative - Severe Chest Pain Attack :: essays research papers

Silent KillerToday was like supposed to be vindicatory like every different day. On another early Monday morning, just like every time I had to get up 2 hours before school, I woke up and went on a lower floor for breakfast at 630. I clean the mess from last nights dinner with my brother and get ready to go with my carpool to school, because just like every other day, gas is expensive. Funny thing about the carpool, which comes at 700 sharp, 730 came and she didnt show up, Therefore, we ended up waking up my father and dragging his tired angry self to school. I had forgotten my wallet at home, so I wasnt freeing to have lunch and I didnt eat breakfast either. Around 1100, I start my pre-calculus class where we are doing long division of polynomial functions when it hits me.Pain. Intense sharp needle like pain in my chest. Subtle at first, but as I continue breathing, the pain gets worse. So, to solve this, I thought my chair was too tight to the desk. I moved back. Not helping. Clenched at the chest and bent over. Breathed slower. Not helping. Tore absent my jacket and bent over in my chair fully. Not helping. And my breath kept getting shorter and shorter until I was barely gasping one every 5 seconds. I reached over and hit my friend and she got the point. Mr. Courtney phoned the principal, vice principal and school administrator. They all came down and told me to lie on the floor. By this time, I was nauseous and convulsing because of lack of oxygen and trauma. I lie there shaking as my teacher moves tables and finds jackets so that I can get my head elevated. The students leave the classroom. My teeth start loquacious and I am near tears when the paramedics come in, 8 grown men with machines, clipboards, walkie talkies, and suits storm into the classroom and strap things on me. A red-lighted finger clinch to check my pulse, a blood pressure thing on my arm to check my blood, and 4 sticky clamps attached to wired to check other vitals of some sort. After 15 minutes, the pain subsides almost completely, except when I started to stand.Vital signs, good. Blood pressure, Good. Pulse, strong steady and fast. Adrenaline rush, maybe. Anxiety attack, maybe. Hospitalization, not necessary. By that time, they had called my mom and she came down from North Scottsdale in 14 minutes.

Internet Music Sharing and the RIAA Essay -- Internet Online Communica

Internet Music Sharing and the RIAA In todays sophisticated computer savvy world, one of the largest controversies brewing on the internet is the downloading and sharing of music using various peer-to-peer programs such as Kazaa, Limewire, Audio Galaxy, and many new(prenominal)s. These programs drop software that, rather than going through a server to request information, can make requests directly to other software. This attribute is what allows users of P2P networks to freely exchange music, movies and other types of files (Friedenberg). To the everyday user, downloading all of their music from the internet is great. Who wouldnt want to be able to get the newest Radiohead CD months before it comes out in stores and for free? However, the put down Industry necktie of America (RIAA) doesnt find sharing music over the internet to be quite as appealing in fact, gibe to the RIAAs official website, they have begun launching their first of what could potentially b e thousands of civil lawsuits against users of these peer-to-peer programs. (Recording Industry Begins Suing P2P File Sharers Who Illegally Offer secure Music Online). On Monday, September 10th, the RIAA sued 261 people, one of whom was a 12-year-old girl, Brianna LaHara of New York. This lawsuit was settled for $2,000 on Tuesday, by her mother (Music Piracy Suits Could take on Backlash ) and was very paid by P2P United, which is a group who represents major file-sharing websites on the internet (Mello). Most likely to appear to the people that are on the edge in the midst of the goods and evils of file sharing as the good guy, for helping out a 12-year-old who many believe shouldnt have been prosicuted. Many people were upset by this particu... ... September 2003. .Mello, John P. RIAA Settles First Lawsuit Against 12-Year-Old Brianna LaHara. Tech News World. 11 September 2003. Tech News World. 23 September 2003. .Music Piracy Suits Could Bring Backlash. CNN.com. 10 S eptember 2003. CNN. 21 September 2003. http//www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/09/10/backlash.music.ap/index.html.Recording Industry Association of America About Us. Recording Industry Association of America. 21 September 2003. . Recording Industry Begins Suing P2P File Sharers Who Illegally Offer Copyrighted Music Online. 8 September 2003. Recording Industry Association of America. 21 September 2003 .

Jack The Ripper Essay -- Papers

Jack The Ripper 1. From looking at the newspaper article on reference point A, I can determine the interest information regarding the murder of Polly Nichols. Firstly, I can ascertain that it was the second of the Whitechapel murders. I can draw this conclusion from the start few words the two murders which fuck off so startled London. The second point we can learn from this article is that the grampus had no apparent motivating for the killings, supposedly because m angiotensin-converting enzymey wasnt missing from his victims no comme il faut motive in the shape of plunder can be traced. Also, the article tells us that the victims lease been the poorest of the poor Even though these constitutions of information are product of the media, they appear to be true, as there would be no need for the newspaper to sensationalise such facts. The stock also suggests the killer is a demented being, due to the extraordinary violence exhibited in severa lly of his murders. Finally, the source makes reference to the excess of effort used by the killer 2. The report of Dr. Frederick Blackwell on the body of Elizabeth Stride supports the coroners report on source B when it states that in the neck, there was a long incision which commenced on the left side, two and a half inches below the jaw, cutting the windpipe alone in two. This account supports source B which states there are no meaningless cuts and that the injuries ache been made by someone with considerable anatomical skill obviously because the killer knew where to filtrate the windpipe. The extract also supports source A where it talks about the extraordinary violence. However, source C contradicts source A when ... ... that a disgruntled customer of one of the local Jewish craftsmens shops whitethorn have just written this graffiti to express his anger. The only thing linking this graffiti to the Eddowes murder was a tiny piece of Eddowess a pron found nearby. Source A mentions the victims being the poorest of the poor. This is important, as maybe the police werent worried as much about the poor people. Also this suggests that the killings may have been in hard to reach places for the police. Source B mentions the anatomical skill and fellowship required to carry out such murders. Maybe such a earth could also have enough knowledge to be able to out wit the police. Source F, the leaflet is another reminder of the police effort to offend the Ripper getting away, but it could also have let the Ripper know of the police involvement too much. Jack The Ripper Essay -- Papers Jack The Ripper 1. From looking at the newspaper article on source A, I can determine the following information regarding the murder of Polly Nichols. Firstly, I can ascertain that it was the second of the Whitechapel murders. I can draw this conclusion from the first few words the two murders which have so st artled London. The second point we can learn from this article is that the killer had no apparent motive for the killings, supposedly because money wasnt missing from his victims no adequate motive in the shape of plunder can be traced. Also, the article tells us that the victims have been the poorest of the poor Even though these pieces of information are product of the media, they appear to be true, as there would be no need for the newspaper to sensationalise such facts. The source also suggests the killer is a demented being, due to the extraordinary violence exhibited in each of his murders. Finally, the source makes reference to the excess of effort used by the killer 2. The report of Dr. Frederick Blackwell on the body of Elizabeth Stride supports the coroners report on source B when it states that in the neck, there was a long incision which commenced on the left side, two and a half inches below the jaw, cutting the windpipe completely in two. This account supports source B which states there are no meaningless cuts and that the injuries have been made by someone with considerable anatomical skill obviously because the killer knew where to reach the windpipe. The extract also supports source A where it talks about the extraordinary violence. However, source C contradicts source A when ... ... that a disgruntled customer of one of the local Jewish craftsmens shops may have just written this graffiti to express his anger. The only thing linking this graffiti to the Eddowes murder was a tiny piece of Eddowess apron found nearby. Source A mentions the victims being the poorest of the poor. This is important, as maybe the police werent worried as much about the poor people. Also this suggests that the killings may have been in hard to reach places for the police. Source B mentions the anatomical skill and knowledge required to carry out such murders. Maybe such a man could also have enough knowledg e to be able to out wit the police. Source F, the leaflet is another reminder of the police effort to stop the Ripper getting away, but it could also have let the Ripper know of the police involvement too much.

Combining Fact and Fiction in the Writing of Frederick Douglass’ The He

Combining Fact and Fiction in the Writing of Frederick Douglass The Heroic SlaveAfter the successful publication of his autobiography, escaped slave Frederick Douglass decided to specialize the story of a fellow ex-slave, Madison Washington, and his rebellion aboard the Creole slave ship. Rather than writing a purely historical account of the events, Douglass chose to knock down and alter the truth, creating The Heroic Slave, one of the first historical novellas and the first known piece of African-American fictional literature (Andrews 11). Douglass choice to write the story as a fiction made the novella easier for readers to relate to and, therefore, more appealing to their sympathies. The Heroic Slave is based on the historical 1841 slave rebellion conduct by Madison Washington aboard the New Orleans-bound slave ship, the Creole. In his telling of the story, Douglass includes embellishments on, alterations to, and omissions of certain historical facts. By comparing his novella to other documents citing the developed occurrences, we can analyze the changes Douglass made to the story and why he chose to make them.Douglass does not immediately discuss the Creole slave ship rebellion. Instead, the first cardinal parts of The Heroic Slave concern the life of Madison Washington, the slave who would eventually become leader of that rebellion. In Part I, Douglass introduces us readers and Mr. Listwell, a tweed traveler, to Madison Washington. We overhear his soliloquy on the suffering he must endure as a slave. In this speech we are given the undercoat for his upcoming flight from slavery I am galled with irons but even these are more tolerable than the consciousness, the galling consciousness of cowardice and indecision. Can it be that I... ...dom to make many authorial choices that made the story of Madison Washingtons rebellion aboard the Creole a more effective grimace for the abolitionist cause. Through embellishments, alterations, and omissions, Doug lass molded the history of the revolt to better serve his purposes. A simple, utterly accurate telling of the story would not have been well as powerful to the abolitionist movement.Works CitedAndrews, William L. Introduction. Three Classic African-American Novels. Ed. William L. Andrews. New York, Penguin Books, 2003. 7-21.Douglass, Frederick. The Heroic Slave. New York, Penguin Books, 2003.Jones, Howard. The Peculiar Institution and National Honor The example of the Creole Slave Revolt. Civil War History. Volume 21. Mar. 1975. 20-50.MacDonald, Robin. The Heroic Slave Frederick Douglass Revolutionary Revision. 1996. 20 Apr 2004.

The Right Stuff :: Essays Papers

The Right StuffIn the past couple of semesters the topic of expatriates has come up a lot. Im beginning to see thats its an important issues since we now live in a global market. I do call back that if your successful in your c arer the likely hood of receiving an expatriate assignment is high. The Houston Business Journal conducted a survey of star hundred companies and sixty per centum predict that the expatriate population leave alone increase, while twenty-five percent said it will stay the same (HBJ, June 98). Since the probability is high that I will be asked to go to an an other(prenominal) country, Ive had to do some serious reflecting. Would I be a good expatriate employee? There are qualities one must have in order to become a successful expatriate. According to Jeff Freeburg a consultant for H.R. International certain qualities one should have are motivation, receptiveness, Patience, sense of humor, initiative, confidence, dependable, savvy, persistent and decis ive (Freeburg 99). I feel that I do have most of these qualities but is that enough? I am fortunate that Im able to speak Spanish fluently, I sess also get a line and write it. It was easy for me to pick up different languages since Im a first generation U.S. citizen I grew up with my family members speaking both languages to me. Because of that exposure I have the desire to learn other languages, I can read French and hope to learn Italian and Japanese if time allows me to. Even though I speak a different language I have never left the states to visit other countries either for personal or business reasons. Shannon Roxborough author of The Guide to International Work Success lists other important things one must do before venturing abroad. An expatriate should learn some history in order to deal better with the cultural differences. evolve the business culture, as we have read in the case study of Buckeye Glass Company in China, we have learned the importance other cultu res place on building a personal relationship that goes beyond the radiation pattern business relations in this county. Learn how to negotiate, American business sea captain must learn how to conduct proper negotiations in other countries, not every one rushes to the table to hammer out an agreement. Also as weve read other countries use tactics such as long pauses or touching during negotiations that seem strange to us but are perfectly normal for them.

Kines Final Review

What be the 3 functions of the Menisci? 10. Which menisci Is shaped Like an O and which one Is shaped Like a C? 11. What are the 3 different zones of the menisci and what is the inequality between each of these zones? 12. What are the two Excruciate ligaments? 13. Where does the PC attach on the femur? Where does the PC attach on the Tibia? 14. Where does the CAL attach on the femur? Where does the CAL attach on the tibia? 15. During non- weightiness bearing, what does the CAL prevent? During weight bearing, what does the CAL prevent? 16. During non-wealth bearing, what does the PC revert?During weight bearing. What does the PC prevent? 17. What force does the MAC prevent? What force does the LLC prevent? 18. Which muscles are our main hip fellers? 19. What does it mean for a muscle to be a 2-Joint muscle? 20. What are the induces of our four quad muscles? Which ones affect both the hip and the knee? 21 . What are the names of the 3 hamstring muscles? 22. How do we treat or trea t a quadriceps contusion? 23. For a hip dislocation, the leg will be In a position. 24. How do we cause a femur fracture? 25. Why are females more prone to CAL tears? 6.What is another name for a PC sprain? And 27. What are the earthy signs and symptoms of a maniacal lesion? 28. What is the difference between Osgood-Clatterers and Larsen-Johansson Disease? 29. What Is Patella Altar? What Is Patella Baja? 30. What are other names for Gene Vulgar and Gene start out? Chapter 19- The Ankle and Lower Leg 1 . What are the four bones that make up the ankle? Ligaments are on the medial side of the ankle? 4. What are the names of the tarsal bones? 5. What are the four compartments of the lower leg and what muscles are in each compartment? 6.What two motions make up the actions probation and ripening of the ankle? 7. Describe what pees caves and pees planks are. 8. What are the two phases of the gait cycle and what motions make up these two phases? 9. What is a more common name for hall set? 10. How do we manage hall values? 11. What Joints are involved in a Hammer Toe? 12. What Joints are involved in Mallet toenail? 13. What Joints are involved in claw toe? 14. What is the etiology for turf toe? 15. How do we manage or treat an ingrown toenail? 16. What are the three different types of compartment syndrome? 7. What type of ankle sprain is the most common? 18. What are the signs and symptoms of an Achilles Tendon Rupture? 19. What is a more common name for medial Tibia Stress Syndrome? 20. Define a Jones Fracture. Chapters 20-24 and 26-27- General Medical Conditions 1 . What is another name for syncope? 2. What are some signs and symptoms of syncope? 3. What is another name for Sudden Cardiac Death? 4. What are some red flags for Sudden Cardiac Death? 5. What is Commotion Cords and how does it occur? 6. Compare and Contrast a conclude Seizure and a Partial or Focal Seizure. 7.How do we manage or treat seizures? . What are some things that can trigger an Asthma ov erture? 9. What are signs and symptoms of Asthma? 10. Compare and Contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus. 11. What are some signs and symptoms of Diabetes? 12. What is Hyperglycemia? What are some signs and symptoms? 13. What is Hypoglycemia? What are some signs and symptoms? 14. What is the difference between food poisoning and the Flu? 15. What is normal body temperature? What is a low-grade fever? What is a high-grade fever? 16. What is the difference between a bacterial infection and a viral infection? 7. What is mononucleosis? How do we get it? 18. What are the signs and symptoms of Mononucleosis? 19. What is Seers Sign? 20. What does OSHA stand for? 21 . What are some of our personal precautions for bloodstone pathogens? 22. What are two different types of Menstrual Irregularities? 23. What is the female athlete triad? 1 . What is triangulation? 2. What gland controls triangulation? 3. What are the louver different types of heat exchange or production? 4. When should w e begin hydrating for activities? 5. How do we check hydration levels? 6. What are the recommendations for hydration? 7.What are common signs and symptoms of vaporization? 8. How do we manage dehydration? 9. Why do we need to replace our fluid and electrolytes? 10. What is acclimatization? 1 1 . Who are more susceptible to heat illnesses? 12. What is hyperthermia? What is hypothermia? 13. What is heat intoxicating? 14. What is heat syncope? 15. What causes exertion heat cramps? 16. What are common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion? How do we treat it? 17. What are common signs and symptoms of heat stroke? How do we treat it? 18. What is exertion hypothermia? 19. What is frost nip? 20. What are signs and symptoms of frostbite? . How do we treat cold injuries? 22. What do we do if there is lightning? 23. What is the flash to bang supposition? Chapter 29- Dermatology 1 . What three things can cause skin infections? 2. What four things does the skin do for us? 3. What are signs a nd symptoms of bacterial infections? 4. What is follicles? 5. What is MRS.? What are the dangers of not treating MRS.? 6. How do we manage bacterial infections? 7. How do we prevent fungal infections? 8. What is tinge piped? 9. What is tinge capitals? 10. What causes fungal infections and how do we treat fungal infections?

Cadbury Fundraiser Report

CADBURY FUNDRAISER REPORT BREAST CANCER CARE WA Maria Paz Gonzalez Guzman 27 August 2012 Contents Introduction1 Information almost the chosen charity1 rendering of the type of fundraiser and the reason for the choice1 Procedure followed to prepare for the fundraiser1 Advertising2 Sales handle3 Graphic4 Conclusion5 Recommendations for another fundraiser5 Suggestions for improvement5 References5 Advertising poster for fundraiser6 Pictures7 IntroductionThe part of Sales and Marketing of Eat primaeval Virtual initiative held a fundraising event on Monday 20 August 2012 at primordial Institute of Technology, Perth Campus, to stomach the Western Australia based charity disparager genus Cancer mete out WA To raise bullion for the charity, different varieties of Cadbury chocolates were sold during the activity Freddo 100s and 1000s frog, Freddo Dairy Milk frog, Freddo romance White Chocolate frog, Caramello Koala, Freddo Twin Strawberry frog and Freddo Twin Peppermint frog. Info rmation ab proscribed the chosen charityCancer is one of the most terrible illnesses that a soul could suffer and meet cancer is one of those that does not discriminate it might affect women or men. Thousands of people and their families fight against breast cancer in the world. The statistics about breast cancer state that in 14,610 women will be diagnosed with cancer in 2012, making breast cancer one of the most common cancers impact women, although its important to mention that 103 men were affected by breast cancer in 2007 in Australia.Fortunately most women survive breast cancer. Breast Cancer interest WA provides emotional, practical and financial support and care to people that have been affected by breast cancer in Western Australia. This hind end does not receive any government funding so they depend on the generosity of Western Australians to keep providing help at no cost. Description of the type of fundraiser and the reason for the choice For the Breast Cancer Care WA fundraiser we decided to sell Cadbury chocolates in Central Institute of Technology, Perth Campus.Eat Central Virtual Enterprise has an agreement with Cadbury for purchasing Cadbury fundraising products which have been made to help fundraising events and make the most of your sales. Procedure followed to prepare for the fundraiser The first week e very(prenominal) squad member competed a To Do List, a team meet was organised by the team attraction, every team member suggested a charity of their choice. We attended to another meeting to decide which charity would be choose we agreed to do the fundraiser activity for the Breast Cancer Care WA.It was agreed that Cadbury chocolates would be sold for the fundraising at Central Institute of Technology at the Students Services area. For the activity we decided to dress in olympian (the charitys official colour) and decorate the stand with purple balloons. An email was sent to the Breast Cancer Care WA to let them know that we would like to fundraise for them. They happily accepted our idea and we were offered brochures, balloons and support to shape up our stand.Each member designed a poster using the official logo of the foundation and a brief description of the charity, as well as the price list for Cadbury chocolates, only one was sent to the Breast Cancer Care WA for their approval. The amount of money set out to raise during the fundraising was AU$200 after deducting Cadbury money (AU$60) and float money (AU$40). A memo was sent to the manager with all the details of the fundraising for his approval. In the second week, the fundraising event was held (Monday 20 August 2012) from 1030am to 300pm at the Students Services area.At the end of the activity the Sales Summary and the Cash Receipt Summary were completed by separately team member. AU$ 0. 60 per chocolate sold was put in an envelope for payment to Cadbury. The amount of profit made was calculated and the money was located into a separate envelope . After counting the money and deducting Cadbury costs and float money, we made AU$123. 65 for the Breast Cancer Care WA. The team leader was responsible for checking that the money was accurate before giving it to the Manager.In the third week, the fundraising report was discussed with the Manager and a guideline to write the report was given to every team member. A couple of team meetings were held to talk about the success of the fundraising activity. Advertising To promote the Breast Cancer Care WA fundraising activity we put posters on the Students Board, bookshop and Students Services area at Central Institute of Technology, Perth Campus. We also decorated the stand by putting purple balloons, placing brochures on the table beside the chocolates.Sales Report Graphic CADBURY FUNDRAISING FOR THE BREAST CANCER CARE OF WA Cadbury money $60 Float money $40 Breast Cancer Care of WA money $123. 65 Conclusion Although we were expecting to raise AU$200 to don ate to the Breast Cancer Care WA, we consider that the fundraiser was a success due to the participation of the Central Institute of Technology community along with Sales and Marketing department of the Eat Central Virtual Enterprise.Working in the Sales and Marketing department gave me very valuable experience about customer service. I had the chance to interact with customers, sell our products and persuade people to buy chocolates. I learned that communicating a clear message is very important, being nice when dealing with different people, different personalities and providing the best service and meeting customers needs. Recommendations for another fundraiserSince the fundraising activities can be carried out at The Central Institute of Technology premises and held for only one day, I would recommend arriving to the institute a little bit earlier so as to start the activity as early as it can and make the most of the day. Suggestions for improvement I would suggest the team mem bers to be much actively involved in the activity, be really committed to the cause and take every Eat Central Virtual Enterprise activity seriously. It would be a good idea to allow more time to develop the fundraising activity, one day is not enough to raise enough money for a registered charity.References The Internet was used to choose the charity and get more information about breast cancer we were given brochures, leaflets and monthly Breast Cancer Care WA magazine issues by the foundation More information about the Breast Cancer Care WA can be found in its official website www. breastcancer. org. au Another useful online resource is the Breast Cancer Network Australia www. bcna. org. au Advertising poster for fundraiser Raise a chocolate for the Breast Cancer Care WA Giant Freddo Fundraiser (Milk Chocolate) $1. 20Twin Pack Freddo (Strawberry) $1. 20 TimeOut Bar $1. 20 Caramello Koala $1. 20 Bottled Water $1. 80 Breast Cancer Care WA is a WA charity that provides personalised emotional, practical and financial support and care to people affected by breast cancer. This includes men with breast cancer, carers and family who have their own challenges and needs through the experience. Receiving no government funding, the Breast Cancer Foundation of WA relies solely on the generosity of Western Australians to go on its vital grass-roots work in the community. Pictures

Metabical Case

Table Of Contents 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 Introduction Executive Summary Situation Analysis 3. 1 Identification Of The Problem 3. 2 Market Analysis 3. 3 hit the books Analysis 3. 4 Target Market Marketing Communication Strategy 4. 1 Marketing Communication externalize/Objectives 4. 2 Marketing Budget 4. 3 Schedule for Key Marketing Communication Activities 4. 4 Promotional Strategies 4. 4. 1 advertizement Strategies 4. 4. 2 Promotion and mankind Relations 4. 4. 3 sales Force 4. 4. 4 Comprehensive Support Program 4. 5 Product Strategies 4. 6 Distribution Strategies 4. 7 Pricing Strategies 4. 7. 1 strength Customer 4. 7. 2 Sales Forecast 4. . 3 Return on Investment (ROI) Conclusion 4. 0 5. 0 1 1. 0 entree Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP) was an International health lot alliance with a center on developing, manufacturing, and trade products that treat metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, immune deficiencies, as hearty as separate chronic and acute checkup conditi ons. The company captured over $25 billion in sales in 2007. Barbara Printup is the senior director of trade of CSP who is responsible for the most successful product by CSP, Zimistat. CSP had assigned Printup to be in-charged of the upcoming U.S product launch of CSPs newest ethical drug dose, Metabical. Barbara Printup, Senior Director of foodstuffing for Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) pull up stakes be the person who is responsible in the product launch of Metabical which scheduled for January 2009. It was now February 2008, and Printups first order of business was to develop a viable positioning scheme and associated marketing communications plan for Metabical. 2. 0 Executive Summary Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP) came show up with the first prescription drug pass by the FDA specifically for overweight individuals called Metabical.The majority of Metabical trials actors r all(prenominal)ed their weight-loss goals by week 12. Although pricing had n ot been finalized, CSP estimated the retail price for the drug would be approximately $3 to $5 per day, with the average course interposition lasting 12 weeks. In this report, we will conduct an analysis for CSPs product, Metabical starting from the analysis of the indus essay. We will then down the issues regarding overweight and obesity in the United States and analyse the market subject area done by the company regarding overweight issues in order for us to resolve which is the best market segmentation that we should target.The second revolve about in this report would be the positioning scheme which we will state the transmit of parity and point of differences of Metabical and come out with the positioning strategy and target market. The third focus will be the the fancy up analysis of the product which we will state the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Metabical which lead-in us in deciding which marketing communication strategy need to be taken ne xt. Finally, we will discuss on marketing communication strategy which best suit with the product so that CSP able to communicate well with the target consumer.To decide the best positioning strategy and marketing communication plan, CSP had played out so much cadence and money in R&D and on FDA trials for Metabical. Printup was well aware that in order to recoup this massive investment, the drug need not lone(prenominal) a successful launch, but similarly long term, steady posit. If Metabical were not successful with initial consumers, credibility of the drug would be in question and FDA cheering would mean little. Printup still needed to flesh out the best segmentation, targeting and positioning of the drug, Then she could move on to assessing her accepted marketing 2 ommunications strategy and developing a timeline for the get a line activities. The case study had led us in analysing and deciding who was the radicall target consumer? How should each participant in the de cision-making process to be addressed? How could these participant best be actioned? What was the appropriate message to convey to one of them? What was the role of the shop at program? What was the optimal rollout schedule for the key marketing communications activities? In this report, Printup will provide all recomm ratiocinationations for the successfull marketing communication strategy and to ensure the long-term steady demand for Metabical. . 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM OVERVIEW OF OVERWEIGHT ISSUES IN THE UNITED STATE inordinateness weight is con military positionred a public health crisis in the U. S, with approximately 65% of the entire adult population categorized as overweight, obese, or severely obese. Being overweight is link to a number of serious health complications, and fit to the American Obesity Association in 2005, ? the second leading cause of preventable death in U. S. In addition to health risks, overweight individuals snuff it a significant social s tigma as well as outright discrimination.Laziness and self indulgence are common stereotypes associated with this group. Many overweight hatful feel deal social outcasts. The professional life of an overweight individual could to a fault be disallowly affected, as excess weight has been found to adversely influence, hiring decisions, wages, and promotions. seekers and health care professionals measure excess weight using the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale. The BMI scale, which calculates the relationship between weight and height associated with body red-hot and health risk, is appropriate for two men and women.It has three BMI categories of excess weight for adultsoverweight (25 to 30) obese (30 to 40) and severely, or morbidly obese (over 40). According to CDC National nitty-gritty for health Statistics in 2002, 65% adults age 20-74 are overweight. Overweight can give negative impact to the peoples life such as coronary heart disease, endometrial, breast and colon cancer, gyne cological problem, stroke, departr disease, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, hyper tension and many other diseases. People are getting fatter nearly everywhere in the world. In 2005, 1. 6 billion adults in the world are overweight while 400 million are obese.The World wellness Organization predicts there will be 2. 3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese. commercialize ANALYSIS Marketing survey An extensive market survey had been conducted in 2007 which included 1,000 men and 1,000 women age ranging from 18 to 70 with BMIs of 25 to 29. 9 from respective(a) socioeconomics aims. The target area of the market survey is for CSP to understand the consumers behaviour and what they actually expect. 3. 2 3 At first 70% of respondents surveyed were not satisfied with their current weight. 5% 0f them said were actively trying to nod off weight but just 15% of them mentioned that were comfortable using drugs to help their we ight-loss goals. When we described the benefits of Metabical to participants, 12 % of them straightaway ask us to make an appointment with health care providers and request a prescription. In terms of satisfaction with their current weight in each gender, 75% of women and 65% of men mentioned were dissatisfied with their current weight and appearance, whereas 50% of women and just 30% of men visited a health care provider for annual physical test.Base on survey which respondents mentioned 55% of women and 40% of men wanted to smorgasbord their behavior to live a sizable lifestyle. While 60% of women and 30% of men said tried and failed to drop off weight in past five years. The survey results reveal 65% and 35% of respondents were dissatisfied with current weight-loss options on the market for women and men respectively. In our data pool in take a leakational level of respondents as they mentioned was that 75% hold a college degree and 45% hold luxuriously school diploma and they were aware of the health risks associated with being moderately overweight.Based on respondents report, 65% of 18 to 35 years old respondents said that they wish to lose weight to look burst and the rest (35%) of the same age group respondents said that they wish to lose weight to improve their overall health. While respondents with 35 years old and above have percentages 40% answers for good looks and 60% for better health. According to survey results 5%, 11% and 20% of respondents who have income level less than $40000, between $40,000 and more than$80,000 respectively mention that they would be willing to pay ? ut of pocket ? for a prescription weight-loss drug. Therefore according to the survey there is a need for a better weight loss drug which is proven and untroubled to lead a health lifestyle. Market Research Based on statistic on adult population in United States between 1976 and 2000 obviously we can see the percentage of obese and overweight steadily increasing. The percentage of overweight population who had BMI between 25 and 30 which categorized in overweight group was 34% in year 2000. while in the same year 25. % of U. S. populations categorized as obese and 4. 7% into severely obese. Also the percentage of obesity were rise steadily with age in both gender with the highest occurrence among men age 65 to 74 and women age of 55 to 64 and with overall more prevalence in men sooner than women. As we can see the percentage of obese had inversely related with reproduction level and income level. The highest obesity percentages were in less than $25,000 with 32. 5% and level of education less than high school with 27. 4%.Through this experience and strong need to cater the moderately overweight people, health care providers saw their potential customers in them who want to lose unhealthy pounds. Health care providers went ahead to produce the drug and recommend them to use it besides getting help from diet and 4 exercise schedules. Based on reports which were obtained from health care providers one of their major concerns about weight-loss drug was that patients would get back weight when they stopped taking pills. We try to achieve psychographic segmentation of overweight.According to inquiry which was done on females, they have verity of aims to lose weight. In age 18 to 30 with high school education and under $40000 income have low self-esteem and unrealistic expectation to look like a movie star. And in age group between 25 to 40 with college education and income level $50,000$80,000 said willing to alter current behavior to get back to their old physic. While age 35 to 65 with college education plus and more than $80,000 income mentioned ready to make change to be healthier. In age group 45 to 65 with some college education and income $40,000 to $60,000 want to lose weight but if it is easy.In age group 40 to 65 with some college education and income $30,000-$50,000 they accepted their overweight and they dont w ant to change the lifestyle. Printup also commissioned a study to analyse psychographic segmentation of overweight individuals. The study revealed that women demonstrated the most distinct segmentation. Out of five psychographic profiles, we feel that CSP should focus into two of it segmentation which is as follows SEGMENT ? I want to be healthier? DESCRIPTION Want to lose weight to feel better and live longer. companionshipable about the importance of nutrition and exercise. Ready to make a change. Focused on gold of reclaiming former weight. Motivated and willing to alter current behaviour. regular(prenominal) DEMORGRAGPHIC PROFILE Age 35 to 65, college education plus, household income $80,000+ ?I want to wear my skinny jeans? Age 25 to 40, college education, household income $50,000 $60,000 To contribute the above findings, in February 2008 focus group study revealed their dissatisfaction with current weight-loss options and the desire for a proven and safe way to drop excess weight.This focus group participants also evince the desire for a prescriptionstrength drug with FDA approval and clinical result to back up weight-loss claim. 5 3. 3 SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis is a Strategic Planning method that is used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a business. It involves monitoring the internal and external marketing environment. Table 1 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. FDA approval Safe and effective in achieving significant weight loss. Less harmful compared to other products.One pill per day Average course treatment lasting12 weeks Combination of Calosera and meditanan fixd dramatic effect for weight loss. Strong and Comprehensive marketing strategy Experience marketing and R&D team Allocate square(p) amount of money in marketing figure i. ii. WEAKNESSES Negative side effect-gastrointestinal discomfort. Not effective for individual with BMI30 OPPORTUNITIES i. ii. iii. iv. Comprehensive a ver program Health care plans to include Metabical in their prescription drug program 65% of adult population categorized as over weight, obese or severely obese.No prescription drug options for overweight segment (BMI 25-30) available in 2008 except drug Alli approved by FDA Market research indicated of high indication of people missing to loss weight. i. ii. iii. THREATS FDA imposed stringent regulation due to negative side-effect cases. Increasing herbal / dietary supplements Deceptive marketing claims. v. 3. 3. 1 STRENGTH CSP believed that its prescription drug, Metabical, is further more superior than any weight-loss solution on the market because Metabical would be the first prescription drug approved by the FDA specifically for overweight individuals (i. . , those with BMI of 25 to 30). The combination of calosera and meditonan produced dramatic weight loss for overweight individuals and it is find to be less harmful as compared to other weight loss drugs. It worked in a l ow dose formulation, thereby reducing stress on heart or liver function than other weight loss drugs tended to produce. Metabical also contained a controlled release feature that required only one pill to be taken per day with average course of treatment lasting 12 weeks. It also helps in changing people behavior to a healthier eating habits.CSP is an international company with a strong and experienced marketing and R&D team. CSP has developed a comprehensive marketing strategies and have allocated substantial amount of money in marketing budget. 6 3. 3. 2 WEAKNESSES Despite of its strength, Metabical has few negative side effects associated with excess fat and calories in the diet. It occurs when users consumed high level of fat and calories. These side effects were similar to the gastrointestinal discomfort caused by Alli, only less severe.Metabicals formulation however is not very effective in helping individuals with BMIs of 30 or greater and was, therefore, not recommended for this group. 3. 3. 3 OPPORTUNIES Excess weight is considered a public health crisis in the U. S and approximately 65% of the entire adult population categorized as overweight, obese or severely obese. With these large population, it creates an even with child(p)ger market share for Metabical. In addition, no prescription drug option specifically for the overweight segment (BMI of 25 to 30) were available in 2008 except for drug Alli had been approved by the FDA for weight loss used.Meaning there will be no strong competitor for Metabical for the time being. From the market survey and market research conducted by CSP, it showed high indication of people actively wanting to lose weight and live a healthy life style with comprehensive support program will enable individuals to achieve better results than they would from the pill alone. In addition, the support program would teach lifestyle skills for healthy weight maintenance after(prenominal) the initial weight loss was achieved. 3. 3. 4 THREATThe drug industry faced several safety concerns with regard to weight-loss drugs and had been impeach of deceptive marketing claims that dempened enthusiasm for the products. This deceptive marketing claim had damaged the industry credibility and to repossess consumers confidence would be another big challenge to the drug industries. The rising in the numbers of dietary supplements and herbal products had worsened the situation due to its unregulated condition by the FDA and the products negative side effect such as sudden cardiac death and other serous health risks had reduse people confidence in weight loss drugs. . 4 TARGET MARKET In developing a viable positioning strategy in order to determine the right target market, CSP had conducted an extensive market survey of overweight individuals in the year 2007. Under the market analysis, Barbara Printup also carried out a study to analyze psychographic segmentation of the overweight individuals and they found out that w omen demonstrated the most distinct segmentation. Based on these findings from the market survey, market research and the psychographic segmentation, we suggest that the target market for Metabical are as the following 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 4. 0 Specifically for overweight individuals with BMI of 25 to 30. Women with age ranging from 25-65 Women with household income between $50,000 $80,000 Women with college education and above Concern with health issues caused by overweight and actively trying to lose weight Willing to change current behavior and to live healthy lifestyle MARKETING COMMUNICATION ST rambleGY The communication strategy of a prescription weight loss drug such as Metabical had to address all participants in the decision making process.Therefore, the communication strategy must focus on two main targets firstly, the Healthcare Providers and secondly direct to consumers who would be prescribing the medication. The marketing communication strategy should also address the co ncern of the healthcare providers which is the patient would regain weight after they stop taking the pills and to include in the communication process by providing solution through Metabical and its continuous support program.As far the end consumers the communication process must address their concern which is want to lose weight to feel better and live longer. The initial Metabical launch budget is as per Table 2 below Table 2 Marketing Budget YEAR 1 ADVERTISING Push (Prescriber) Pull (Direct To Customer) kernel Advertising $ 1,000,000 $ 12,000,000 -$ 13,000,000 $ 200,000 $ 600,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 500,000 $ 200,000 -$ 3,500,000 $ 3,500,000 $ 800,000 -$ 4,300,000 $ 600,000 $ 1,491,000 $ 255,000 $ 23,146,000 PROMOTIONDevelopment of Support Program Lunch & Learn Seminars / Other Promo Production of Support Program Training / Promotion Materials Direct Mailing To Health Care Providers Total Promotion PUBLIC RELATIONS Medical Education Meeting and Event Press Release / Materials Total Public Relations Market Research Sales Force Allocation Product Management Allocation TOTAL BUDGET It is also very important for the marketing communication strategy to have the timeline for the key marketing activities and we proposed the optimal roll out schedule for key marketing communications activities to be as follows 8Table 3 Schedule of Marketing Communication Activities prison term LINE Sales Force Road show On Clinical Information by sales Pharmacies Team Advertising To Create Brand Awarenes & Knowledge Advertising Branding Image Promotion & Public Relation Product Launch Continues Support Program YEAR 1 YEAR 2 FEB 2008 JAN 2009 4. 4. 1 ADVERTISING A sum of $13. 0 million had been allocated for these push and pull advertising. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising is a new phenomenon in the drug industry due to the inlet of guidelines by the FDA in 1997 that opened up the flood gates to the drug advertisements.The first year, CSP should aggressively spend on the advert ising activities to DTC in order to create product companionship and brand awareness which include television, online (website), radio advertisements and press conference during the product launch in January 2009. In order to meet its objective we propose that the advertisement strategy must go with the tagline ? Losing weight is tough, You dont have to do it alone. Let Metabical and your healthcare provider start you on the road to a healthy weight and better lifestyle?.The Senior Executive of CSP did not agree with the idea of celebrity endorser but we powerfully believe that this celebrity spokesperson idea is a great idea and able to attract more customers to buy Metabical. As we know that celebrities have exit the trend setter and very influential in terms of their style of dressing, hairstyle, cosmetic that they are wearing, their car model and even what they eat. Thus, a celebrity like Oprah Winfrey can be very influential in attracting more customers especially when she en dorse Metabical in her talk show program.Metabicals advertising strategy should also target the professional medical community which is the healthcare provider. For example, they could create a outpouring by print ads in leading medical publications and interactive ads online related to health issues in order to raise awareness about the drug and its benefits. 9 This advertising concepts which aimed to healthcare provider must go along with the tagline ? endow your patients to lose excess weight. Change their unhealthy eating habits and achieve long term success.Introducing Metabical short-term drug therapy and comprehensive support program for overweight patients. It gets results? 4. 4. 2 PROMOTION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS The promotion and public relations budget also included campaign aimed at both healthcare providers and the end consumers. The integrality budget allocated for this campaign is $4. 3 mil with $1. 3 mil was allocated for promotional campaign in the first year. Befo re the Metabical launch, pamphlets and reply card for sample of support program should be mailed to 100,000 health care providers as a direct mail campaign.These pamphlets contain information about Metabical. The next best campaign that the marketing communication strategy should focus heavily on is the viral marketing campaign in order to reach the market globally. This viral marketing involves internet sales, social network such as facebook, twitter and blogs in order to create buzz for Metabical. Infact, CSP should set up a team on this viral marketing campaign in order to reach customers faster and cheaper globally.The plan to launch an online contest during Metabical launching day is a good idea whereby Metabical users would have the chance to compete who could reduce their BMIs by the highest percentage. Normally in the weight loss industry, people want to see results and testimonial on the drugs. We consider the Public Relations efforts to include pre-launch and atlaunch pre ss release is a good more because it can act as a teaser ad and to inform the public at large that Metabical is the newly safe weight loss drug in the market.The roundtable discussion involving prominent leaders segment of media and medical professional in the medical community and medical research symposium to members of media and medical professional, is an important strategy because in order for the weight loss products to be successful, an endorsement by expert is very likely to increase the confidence level of the customers. In addition, the coverage of these high profile events in the leading intelligence service organization shall enhance the marketing communication strategy of Metabical.A series of breakout sessions focusing on health issues for overweight patients shall further strengthening the communication strategy in product effectiveness and awareness. 10 4. 4. 3 gross revenue FORCE The Metabical sales team consisted of 32 sales representatives who service approximat ely 3,200 medical offices. These sales team had been instructed to give product detail of Metabical to the healthcare providers.In order for the sales team to be effective in meeting objective of creating product knowledge and its benefits, they providing clinical information and to arrange for a visit to at least quaternary-spot medical offices per day in order to finish up the 3,200 medical offices which are already in their data base. CSP also need to increase the number of their sales force team in order to cover the other 100,000 healthcare providers which are still untapped by them. This additional sales force team need to attend all the inquiries that they might receive after the mailing of pamphlets and sample to the said 100,000 healthcare providers. . 4. 4 COMPREHENSIVE SUPPORT PROGRAM The most common problem among the weight loss drug company is that people will start regaining weight once they stop taking the pill and in some cases, these people will gain even more wei ght then their initial weight. Realising this issue, CSP planned to create a comprehensive support program to complement the Metabical pill. Its goal is to enable individuals to achieve better results than they would from the pill alone. In addition, the support program would teach lifestyle skills for healthy weight maintenance after the initial weight loss was achieved. 200,000 will be spent on the development of the support program and the cost in Year 1 associated with producing the program is approximately $2 million. It is recommended that CSP to add this comprehensive support program in their packaging in the form of a CD in each pack so as to enhance the ability of Metabical users to reach and maintain their weight-loss goals. They can also put it in their website and to other form of social network. The sales force team also need to include this support program in their presentation in order to convey its benefits to the healthcare providers.It must also be well stated in t he pamphlets and flyers which they are distributing. 4. 5 PRODUCT STRATEGY Metabical is the first prescription drug approved by FDA specifically for overweight individual with BMI of 25 to 30. Clinical trials proved Metabical to be safe and effective in achieving significant weight loss for overweight individuals. The majority of trial participants reached their weight-loss goals by week 12. Thus, CSP need to decide on the best form of packaging by considering what is the number of pills that would be included in each pack. 11Packing the whole twelve week supply in one package will cause higher pricing and it will effect the number of potential customers. Even though the twelve-week supply will enable the customers to complete the twelve-week cycle in 3 months in a row but it will limit the potential customers only to those who can afford the entire medication program with one-time pay. Therefore, it is better(predicate) to pack Metabical with one pack for four week supply which ca n make it affordable for everyone. However, there is risk to this one-month packaging whereby there will be no guarantee that the consumers will complete the entire treatment.As such, it is also suggested to have another packaging with 3 pack for 12 weeks supply and as prise added, a CD contain comprehensive support program is attached to it. By attaching the comprehensive support program to the 3 pack of twelve week supply it can definitely attract more customers especially those with higher income bracket of more than $80,000. 4. 6 DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY Being a cocksure weight loss drugs definitely the distribution channels are limited to places such as Drug store, healthcare Providers, Specialty Store uch as Watson, chemists shop such as Guardian and the latest trend is the Internet Sales. 4. 7 PRICING STRATEGY Pricing is another important factor in ascertain the success of Metabical. In order to determine the price for Metabical, first we compare with its closest competitor which is Allis pricing model. We have to also come up with several other assumptions such as by assuming that consumers will be ready to pay more for a prescription drug and for the most part people trust prescribed drug rather than the non-prescribed drugs.So, to set higher price for Metabical would not be a problem and would be acceptable by the consumers. Therefore, we come-up with price simulation as per Table 4 below Table 4 Pricing Simulation METABICAL ALLI Estimated Retail Price Dosage Treatment $3 to $5 Per pill 1 Pill Per Day 12 Weeks (90 long time) $120 Per Pack / $2. 40 Per Pill 1 Pill Per Day 50 Days $2 Per Pill Revenue Per Month Revenue Per Year ESTIMATED RETAIL PRICE $3 Per Pill $4 Per Pill $5 Per Pill $6 Per Pill $60 $720 $90 $1,080 $120 $1,440 $150 $1,800 $180 $2,160 To sell at $90 per month is to low because Metabical is a prescription drug. To capture a larger group the price should not as high as $150 per month. $120 per month would be the right price for a fo ur weeks supply. Based on Table 4 above, we set Metabical price at $120 per month which we assume would be the right price for a four week supply. 12 Pricing strategy is also directly ties with the demand forecast and sales forecast. Thus, based on Market Survey and Market research finding we come up with demand forecast as per Table 4 below 4. . 1 POTENTIAL CUSTOMER Table 5 Potential Customer POPULATION OVERWEIGHT POTENTIAL USER (Million) (25 BMI 30) (MILLION) 2000 209 34% 71. 06 2008 230 39% 89. 70 FROM MARKET SURVEY 12% Respondents Immediately Make an Appointment With Their Health Care Provider and Request a Prescription YEAR 2000 YEAR 2008 71. 06 Mill X 12% = 8. 53 Mill 89. 70 Mill X 12% = 10. 76 Mill Say Only 10% Consumers Can Be Reached In The First Year 8. 53 Mill X 10% = 0. 85 Mill 10. 76 Mill X 10% = 1. 08 Mill YEARFrom the above demand forecast, we then come up with the sales forecast as per Table 6 4. 7. 2 SALES FORECAST Table 6 Sales Forecast ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF PACK TO BE SOLD From 2. 55 Mill Packs (0. 85 Mill X 3 Packs) To 3. 24 Mill Packs (1. 08 Mill X 3 Packs) Consider Price $120 Per Pack CSP WOULD take a leak BETWEEN $306 Mill to $389 Mill 4. 7. 3 RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) Table 7 Return on Investment (ROI) INITIAL YEAR SALES TURNOVER ($ Mill) ACUMULATIVE CASHFLOW ($ Mill) RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ( % ) (423. 5) (423. 15) YEAR 1 347. 40 (75. 75) -19% YEAR 2 383. 88 308. 13 77% YEAR 3 424. 18 732. 31 183% 515% $2,623. 65 MILL 1. 27 YEARS YEAR 4 468. 72 1,201. 03 300% YEAR 5 517. 94 1,718. 97 429% INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) PAYBACK PERIOD y ASSUMTIONS Product Price $120 Per Pack (For 1 Month Treatment 30 pills) Estimated Product Sold in Year 1 From 2. 55 Mill 3. 24 Mill (Say On Average 2. 90 Mill Packs). Turnover adjoin by 10% Every Year. Investment Cost $423. 15 Mill. 13 5. 0CONCLUSION Print-up had come up with a strong and comprehensive marketing communication strategy which focus on the br and awareness and Metabical benefits to the targeted group. Based on the extensive market survey and market research as well as the focus group findings, the marketing communication strategy of Metabical will be successfully creating demand for Metabical. Furthermore, being known as the only prescription drug with FDA approval and clinical results to back up weight-loss claims will definitely attract a lot more customers and steady demand in the future. 14

Learning Disabilities Contributor Essay

This paper will discuss students with nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome. Nonverbal learning disabilities NLD will be addressed as to what is NLD and what students are usually go through. This will be an overview of how to not only identify students with NLD but how to assists students with NLB. This paper will go over classic strategies and inventions that will befriend students with NLD. NLD has been somewhat for fifteen years. NLD is a disorder that is not mentioned or heard a lot in education. This disorder is mentioned in checkup and psychological literature. In this paper the author will discuss the issues of NLD and why educators should ignore the char functionerizes and signs of this disorder.Research will show that this disorder could have come from mixed bag of neurological and development conditions. This could have happened either from a brain injury, untreated disease, or Asperger syndrome. There are strategies to help students that suffer from NLD. NLD is a poorly still disorder it is a disorder that cornerstone be not only be understood but butt joint be helped. With the strategies and inventions that we will be personnel casualty over in this paper will help students with NLD have a fighting chance.What is nonverbal learning disabilities? Students who have NLD usually show signs in soaked verbal than perceptual cognitive skills, weak pyschomotor, deficiency in math, difficulty in complex tasks and social deficits. Students with NLD do better when information is given to them verbally than sh accept to them visually. This student can process the information better when the information is being given to them orally. When this type of student is receiving the information visually the student is unable to develop it cognitively. Where as the information is being given to them verbally then(prenominal) the information will process properly because this student has a strong verbal process. decrepit pyschomotor is another(prenomina l) trait that studentswith NLD have(Telzrow & Bonar, 2002).These students usually show signs in having a hard cartridge clip with playing certain games such as skipping rope or riding a bike. NLD students have a hard time with life skill tasks such as dressing themselves and other self care skills. Deficiency in math is another area that students with NLD have a bother with. Students with NLD usually do well in reading and spelling but math is a huge hurdle they have to accomplish. The symbols and procedures in math are a hard concept for students who have NLD to understand. Difficulty in complex tasks are another problem for students with NLD. These students have a hard time in social arrangeting because of this problem.They usually demonstrate that they have a hard time with problem solving. The problem solving skills also effects poor judgment skills. These students are very unprompted with their behavior and do not have a grit of personal space. A student with NLD has a ha rd time verbally communicating what the problem is and how to explain what they really meant or essential(Telzrow & Bonar, 2002)..Students with NLD can get the help they need. If a student with NLD has problems with psychomotor there are things in the classroom to help students with this problem. If the student has an issue finishing a writing task then you can give the student extra time to finish the writing task. If the student has a real issue with writing and the student is peachy a typing then you can let the student type instead of writing. some other way to help students with psychomotor is to give a them a binary test instead then an essay test. Teachers need to make sure that lectures dont have that many note taking tasks. These are a few strategies to help and relieve stress for students with psychomotor problems(Telzrow & Bonar, 2002).. It is important for these students to focus on learning and not be stressed out about tasks that they can not complete.Teachers can use these strategies for students that have deficiency in math. Students that have a deficiency in math can use manipulatives to help these students. atomic number 53 way example of a manipulative that a student can use is a calculator. Using a calculator can help students do math problems and learn how to to add, subtract or multiply. Having students memorizing additions problems, subtracting problems and multiplication problems. Directinstruction on math on step by step with verbal instruction. display students one on one instruction on math concepts and checking strategies to help students get better and confidence in math(Telzrow & Bonar, 2002).Students with NLD have issues with problem solving skills. These students need to focus on various social situations. One good way for these students to learn problem solving skills is to role play. Role play is a good way to show students examples of problems that arise in certain situations. By role playing students are able to learn how to take action on their own and to also build confidence(Telzrow & Bonar, 2002). The more practice in role play the more the student is to learn how to do the problem solving on their own. Another way to learn problem solving skills is to set rules for these student to follow. Setting rules will help students learn what is appropriate and what is not appropriate. This will help set guidelines for student to follow and learn in the process.Social skills are another issue that students with NLD. Role playing is very important for these students to learn from. These students need flat instruction on how to make appropriate eye contact, how to greet others and to learn other appropriate social skills. It is also important for these students to learn how to make and trammel friends. It is also important for these students to learn how to act appropriately act in a work setting. If these students want to succeed in life learning how to act in a working environment is key. Learning h ow to behave appropriately in a work setting will help them keep a job and live a successful independent life.The last issue that a student with NLD usually deals with is psychosocial adjustment problems. These students need to learn how to control impulsive behavior and inattention. Students that have a hard time with dealing with this issues and need to learn how to self-monitor themselves. NLD students need to learn how to slow down and be aware of what they are doing instead of just reacting(Telzrow & Bonar, 2002). Another problem these students have is not thinking for speaking. These students need to learn ways to think about what they want to say beforehand just saying it. Students that display these issues need to learn relaxation skills to help reduce anxiety.These students need to learn how to ask for breaks or help when they are tactility stressed out.The author has gone over what NLD symptoms and characteristics of what to look for in students that may be suffering fro this problem. The author has also gone over strategies to help students that have NLD. The strategies and methods that were mentioned are tools to not only help the students but to help the students learn the proper tools to help themselves outside the classroom. With any student that is having a hard time in school it is the teachers job to make sure that students needs are being met. Students that have NLD need strategies and methods to help them so they can focus less on their problems and more on learning(Telzrow & Bonar, 2002). By using strategies on students with NLD this will help these students learn the tools that they need to deal with the world around them.ReferencesTelzrow, C. F., & Bonar, A. M. (2002). Responding to students with nonverbal learning disabilities. Teaching Exceptional Children, 34(6), 8-13.

History of Arts Notes

workweek 1 PREHISTORICHybrid compute, mammoth ivory, ca. 40,000-28,000 BCE To take aim split dry mammoth tusk, scarpe into shape (using sagacious blad) half human, half animal= human dressed as animal for hunting purpose Bear, Chauvet Cave, ca. 30,000-28,000 BCE hand paintings, hand silhouettes reap animals took advantage of walls eg. bump creates bears shoulder joint disc overed in 1994 So-called Venus of Willendorf, limest integrity, ca. 28,000-25,000 BCE no naturalism- stress fertility emphasizing rep magnetic poleuctive features= fertility target area Spotted horses and human hands, Pech-Merle Cave, ca. 16,000-15,000 BCE shamanism- belief in spirit world accessed through alternative states of consciousness hand dots- can find how many artificers painted in one cave saliva, water, blood- MIXED- applied with brush, finger, moss, chewed stick, join Rhinoceros, wounded man, and bison, Lascaux Cave, ca. 15,000-13,000 BCE sense of power pathetic, no power powerful Hall of the bulls, Lascaux Cave, ca. 5,000-10,000 BCE human never lived in Lascaux cave (no objects, remains instead bear bones, torches) not optical images insteadCOMPOSITE- many details of animal Stonehenge, ca. 2,100 BCE, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England marked passing of time/seasons megalith(stone forming prehistoric monument) in associations= CROMLECHS simple structure= post and lintel Babylonian deed of sale, clay with cuneiform writing, ca. 1,750 BCE refined pictogram pressed in series of wedge-shaped signs= CUNEIFORM used for dministrative accounts poetry invention of writing WEEK 2 SUMERIAEGYPT Remains of the White synagogue on its ziggurat, ca. 3500-3000 BCE Uruk, Iraq Tripartite lay step up from 3sides- can see ceremonial ascent of priest leaders stairs- counter clockwise just roughly mound= indirect approach= Mesopotamian temple tightietecture Cylinder seal of priest- baron feeding sacred sheep, ca. 3300 cylindrical made of stone with hole tal ly through centralize design carved into surface of seal- when pressed in soft clay= reverse image unfoldStatues from Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, ca. 2700-2500BCE maybe worshipers exaggerated eyes- responding to Gods awe, warding reach evil Relief Panel of Hesy-ra, ca. 2660 BC wooden stele nonnaturalistic 3000 years of same system of showing torso same composite artificial counselling of showin g clay SHOWS that it was much to a greater extent than authoritative to follow tradition instead of realism, point is not that they cannot make naturalistic art this convention was chosen on purpose Imhotep, Step Pyramid and Necropolis of King Djoser, ca. 681-2662 BCE made for King Djoser-ruled 2630-2611- superpower emailprotected was NECROPOLIS-cemetery -encircling entire complex is rectangular stone wall stretchign over mile in length and 33ft high -DOMINANT FEATURE= STEPPED PYRAMID-oriented to cardinal points of compass zygarat- elevate temple in mesopotamia- this is not a t emple but a grave this is only image of palace meant for infinity there was a statue of king in center believed that soul could live in a staute of king statue enclosed in a room in center with windows and look out rest of complex so king could live eternily monumental archeitectureRoyal exemplification of Ur, ca. 2600 BCE bottom= charioteers pulled bu oagers. Riding over enemies middle= prisoners stripped of clothing armor are escorted pass= prisoners brought to central figure- head is off canvas banquet= top= seated for banquet, cups raised to music played by harp PANELS tally Kingship Prince Rahotep and Nofret, 2580 BCE carved from limeston- softer than diorite- painted skin tones, cop, garments, jewelry rahotep is government official and wife is aquiline of king- ritualized gesture in full frontality rigid frontality norm for royal and elite shapesPyramids of Menkaure, 2533-2515 BCE, Kafra, 2570-2544 BCE, and Khufu, 2601-2528 BCE, Giza pyramid only a part o f necropolis- city of dead King djoser had a mudbrick palace made of wood, mud brick, reeds has archeitect which suggest how important buildling is stones cut precicly so that they can interlock together and create smooth surface pyramid 440ft tall- 45 stories Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty II, 2515 BCE carved in one piece with an upright back slab, rigid frontality almost identical height, left(a) foot forward King is more tendinous and half nude and queen draped in thin dress hemmed at ankles= smooth surfaces and high polishestablish appearance of unity man some(prenominal) arms carry out and woman arms around man- dependent Seated Scribe, ca 2400 BCE, limestone -frontal, stiff in traditional poses in earlier society- fat and mark of age could be signs of honour- experience sallow cheeks, sagging jaw, loose stomach= social status succeed in career, eats well, relies on subordinates to do physiologic work on his behalf Head of an Akkadian ruler, ca.2250-2200 BCE na ram-sin (sargans lordlyson) stretched Akkadian empires explited art to reflect and establish power= compend tomentum cerebri and beard= strong symmetry= contrl and order disablement done maybe by Medes- who invaded Nineveh= gaughe eyes, ears and nose hacked= as if really attacking person Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, ca. 2100 BCE Mud bricks clay mixed with veg and straw to prevent clay cracking when dry mud mixture put into wodden frames- knocked out and backed under sun joined wall with wicked clay not durable so sealed with BITUMEN buttresses= articulate walls= impression of strength, lines= add dynamic energy, 100 steps Stele with the Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1760 BCE TOP- hammurabi appears in relief- standing with arm raised in greeting before the enthroned sun-god Shamash- gods shoulders emanate sun rays- god extends hand, holding rope ring and the measuring rod of kingship= THIS GESTURE unifies scenes composition and purpose of the two leading characters gloomyer scale of Hammurabi compared to seated god= shepherd rather than god himselfFemale figurine, 12th-13th dynasties (ca. 1650 BCE), faience object military positiond in tombs along with dead from tomb in Thebes, represents a schematized woman- legs stop at knees, restrict her mobility/ or legs maybe not essential to her function painted cowrie-shell stays to emphasize belly and hips, delineate breats and pubic area= function may have been as fertility objects, enhance family continuity blue-green color of faience associated with fertility, mutation and goddess hathor Temple of Hatshepsut, ca. 478-1458 BCE New Kingdom funerary temple= Hatshepsut- female king crowning pyramid- mastaba and terraces extending into cliff face ascending white limestone courts, linked by wide ramps on a central axis trees lined entrance way and paired sphinxes faced each other Queen Hatshepsut kneeling, ca. 1473-1458 BCE Hatshepsut kneeling as she makes offering because kingship is male office, she wears regalia of a male king(kilt, false beard and nemes headdress(striped cloth worn by kings))Akhenaten and his family, 1355 BCE akhenaten with family- consort Nefertiti and 3 oldest daughters sun life-giving beams give out downward with hands at their terminals- reed columns suggest scene is within garden pavilion stocked with wine jars king and wife sit face up each othe on stools- hold daughters, on laps, in arms, uniting composition with animated gestures- contrast to STATIC quality of scenes of other times emphasis on daughters childishness marks changeAkhenaten, 1353-1335 BCE break dramatically long-established conventions for depicting royal subjects- different proportions- differentiate shoulders, lacking musculature, marked potbelly, wide hips, generous thighs, large lips, distinctive nose, chin, narrow eyes make face recognizable. Queen Tiy, 1352 BCE Akhenatens mother- used dark wood of yes tree with precious metls and semiprecious stones for details downturned mouth and modeled lines running from sides of nose to mouth= advancing years initially queen wore gold jewlry and silver headdress decorated with golden cobras= identify her with funerary goddesses Isis and Nepthys wig embellished with shabu beads topped with plumed crown Queen Nefertiti, 1348-1335 BCE Nefertitis bust- plastered over limestone core and painted left eye not inished- bust remained unfinished but elegance still derives from sculpturers command of geometry The weighing of the heart and judgment of Osiris The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, 1285 BCE books of dead instructions on how to flying the great beast and make it through afte rlife needed to go ceremony and weight their heart with ostrich feather- if free from sin- heart should be lighter than ostrich feather Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, ca. 1279-1213 BCE Ramesses commissioned most architectural projects- including monumental temple king marked his claim to the land of Kush in Lower Nubia( origin of old, viroy and enimal pelts) between statues legs- small figures represent member of royal family.INTERIOR- colossal figures of Ramesses- 32ft Fugitives crossing a river, ca. 883-859 BCE walls covered with large scale stone reliefs narrative images- painted in places for emphasis- glorified king with detailed depictions archer and two women look on with hands raised NO RELATIVE SCALE, primary purpose of scenes to recount specific enemy conquests supply of citadel of Sargon II, with lamassu, 742-706 BCE (photo taken during excavation) lamassu- great guaridian figures powerful and terrifying deities to anyone who might enter embody kings fearful authority- tall horned headdresses, deep-set eyes, powerful muscularity of legs and bodies Reconstruction of Citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, ca. 21-705 BCE Sargon II had plan for city of Dur Sharrukin where he had royal residence unexcavated but estimate to cover a square mile enclosed within an formal mud-brick wall 30 court yards- 200 live Lion hunt, ca. 645 BCE king slay lion way of demonstrating power over beast EGYPT- royal lion hunts were events that took place in palace grounds roal attendants released animals from cages into a square formed by troops with shields ritual symbolic showcasing kings strength and serving as illustration for military skillsPalette of King Narner, ca. 310-3125 BCE TOP CENTER hieroglyphs spell out narmers name BESIDE hieroglyphs= cow heads represent sky goddess LEFT= King Narmer holds enemy by hair and raises mace- sign of kingship KING- wears white crown of Upper Egypt and belt of kilt hangs tail of bull- symbole of power kings wear as part of ceremonial dress-larger scale establish authority BOTTOM-enemy stripped of clothing- humiliateion BEHIND king attendant carries kings sandals RIGHT of Narmer appears falcon holding rope OTHER SIDE- king wears red crown of LOWER egypt- by sandal carrier and long-hared figure= FOLOWS FOUR people holding some thing to inspect bodies of prisoners with their heads between their legs CENTRAL register= 2 animals roped by male figure- twist long necks to frame a circle in composition symmetrical, balanced= maat LOWER- bull rep. king attack city and tramples down enemy COMMUNICATE BY ombine several diff types of signs on one object some literal representations and symbolic representations- bull=strength MESSAGE king embodied unified UPPER and LOWER EGYPT- though human, he occupied divine office shown by placement of name in sky WEEK 3 GREEK Amphora with meander pattern and funeral, ca. 750 BCE vase from cemetery- known as Dipylon Vase- one of a group of large vessels Athenians used as funerary markers over burials- holes in its base allowed mourners to pour liquid offerings during funerary rituals- ashes of dead inside vases placedBlack-figured amphora Exekias, Achilles and Ajax playacting Dice, ca. 540-530 BCE black-figured technique- painted design in black silhouette against reddi sh clay- incised details into design with needls, painted white and purple over black to make chosen areas stand out Athenian amphora- signed by Exekias- both potter and painter- painting shows Homeric heroes Achilles and Ajax playing dice- episode not exist in surviving literary sources- two figures lean on their spears shields stacked behind them black silhouettes create rhythmical composition, symmetrical around table in centerKouros, ca. 540-525 BCE (means youth) male- slim, broad-shouldered, left leg forward, arms by side, clenched fists, shoulders, hips and knees are level Kore, ca. 530 BCE (wearing a peplos) (means maiden) female- -BOTH HAVE stylized wig-like hair, show techniques and proportional systems used by Egyptian sculptors- rigid, frontal, quatern distinct sides, no backslab, (GREEK space between forms, public nudity acceptable for males/not females. EGYPT figures embedded in stone. forced nudity on slaves) Red-figured amphora Euthymides, Dancing revelers, ca. 5 10-500 BCE black-fig. imit artist to incision for detail- develop red-figured tech- scence not dependent on profiles- freedom with brush translates into freedom of movement in dancing- range of poses, twisty bodies, age of intensive and conscious experimentation Red-figured kylix (wine cup) Douris painter, Eos and Memnon, ca.490-480 BCE Eos, goddess of dawn lifts limp body of her dead son, Memnon whom Achilles killed- Douris(maker)- traces contours of limbs beneath drapery and balances vigorous outlines with more delicate strokes- dead weight of memnons body contrats with lift of Eos wings Kritios Boy, ca. 480 BCE (marble) contrapposto weight shifted creating asymmetry in two sides of his body. Knee of forward leg is commence than the other, right hip is thrust down and in, left hip up and out, axis of body not straight vertical line, reversed S-curve stands at ease- CHIASTIC POSE (balanced asymmetry of relaxed natural stance) muscles suggest bm Temple of Hera II at Paestu m, ca. 460 BCE building made of DORIC order simple capital, no base, columns sit directl on step platform columns look massive, bantam space between them archeitects worried about rooms falling down Zeus or Poseidon, ca. 460-450 BCE, bronze nude bronze from sea near classic coast- 7ft tall- depicts spread-eagled male figure in act of throwing- Zeus casting thunderbolt or Poseidon throwing his trident. -sculptor catures and contrasts vigorous action and firm stability- express gods direful power.Shows artists understand of bodies in motion and also knowledge of strength of bronze= allow gods arms to stretch out without support. Warrior, ca. 450 BCE, found in the sea off of Riace, Italy over-life-size figure found in sea near Riace- used lost-wax technique- not just cutting away stone- artist build clay model- where marble absorb light, bronze surface reflect= explore surface texture for hair and skin Roman written matter later a bronze original by Myron, Diskobolos, ca. 50 BC E bronze, Myron condensed a sequence of movements into single pose, achieved through violent twist of torso that brings the arms into same place as legs -Pose conveys essence of action by presenting coiled figure in perfect balance Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, 447-432 BCE building made when athens was at war- created by currency in military- dominant temple on Akropolis- Perikles conceived it to play focal role in cult of Athena- chief center of cult practice remained on Erechtheion(north f Parthenon)- built of gleaming white marble- Architects Iktinor and Kallikrates OCTASTYLE(eight-column arrangement)- continuous sculpted frieze runs around all sides in variation of Ionic style- depicts procession moving from west-east- horsemen jostle with musicians,water carriers, sacrificial beasts- figures converging to create illusion of company- encircling colonnade gave impression that visitor can approach temple from all sides. appears less massive than TEMPLE OF HERA II at PA ESTUM= columns more slender, capitals smaller and less flaring-cornice projects less. East freize of the Parthenon, ca. 440 BCE part of festival held to honor Athena- exalts mortal classicals by deicting them in space reserved for divine and mythological scenes. cloth is a new robe for Athena(woven by Athenian girls and depicting Athenas triumph against giants in gigantomachy) Model of Pheidias, Athena Parthenos, ca. 438 BCE enormous statue of Athena by sculptor PHEIDIAS- stood with one hand supporting a personification of Victory, and shield resting against her side. Figure out of ivory and gold(combo known as CHRYSTELEPHANTINE)- supported by wooden armature- priceless Three goddesses, from the east pediment of the Parthenon, ca. 38-432 BCE Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite (recent, Leto, Artemis, Aphrodite)- pediment figures embedded in building- forms are strong and solid- masterpiece of swirling drapery, garments cling to bodies beneath as if wet- drapery not follow lines of body - there is twisting around legs(struggle with them) Temple of Athena Nike, 427-424 BCE, Akropolis, Athens (ionic order) has a bas- thinner columns- taller- fluting on columns is like womens robe or skirt- base is like shoes- more feminin and elegant- footling temple of athena nike- godess of wisdom and war- nike= VictoriaAkropolis, Athens, 421-405 BCE dedicated to goddess Athena Erechtheion, 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens Mnesikles project-architext had to deal with difficult terrain- built to serve several religious functions- included foursome rooms and basement on western side- two porches attached to its flanks- one dedicated to Poseidon face north and is main entrance- smaller one juts out toward ParthenonErechtheion, Porch of the Maidens 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens 6 caryatids of columns support roof- represent women of Caryae (city-state in Peloponnese that formed alliance with Persians in Persian wars)- when war over, Greeks took women as slaves- architects THUS des igned images of these women to bear the burden of their states dishonor in perpetuity Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike, ca. 10-407 BCE Nike taking off sandles-about to step on holy ground-wings keep her stable so she performs embarrassing act with elegance and ease- Pheidian style evident in deeply cut folds of her wet look garments clinging to her body and fall in deep swags between her legs. expunge stele of Hegeso, ca. 410-400 BCE Pheidian style recognizable in drapery and also in smooth planes of faces- delicacy of carving clear in forms fathest away from viewer- servants left arm, veil behind Hegesos right hsoulder= relief merges with background strengthening illusion that background is empty space rather than solid surface.Roman transcript after an original by Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos original from ca. 340-330 BCE first nude monumental statue of godess in Greek world- about to bathe, or rising from bath- right hand, she covers nudity in gestur e of modesty, grasping for robe with her left- head slightly turned so does not engage viewers gaze directly Roman copy after an original by Praxiteles, Hermes and the infant Dionysius original from ca. 320-310 BCE Hermes holding infant Dionysos- sandals=roman in style- chiastic pose is exaggerated and creates fuly relaxed curve of torso- youthful more than athleticWEEK 4 ROMAN & ITALY Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE republican practice of commissioning narrative reliefs to record specific events- reliefs mounted on public buildings and monuments(ara pacias augustae) Imperial procession, Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE below Parthenon frieze, ca. 440 BCE inclusion body of women and small children= denote importance of dynasty as well as referring to moral legislation Augustus enacted to promote child-birth among the elite. Roman copies of a Greek original by Lysippos, characterization of Alexander the Great, original late 4th C.BCE to have idealized quality- planes are smooth especi ally around brow and individuality emerge in fretful hair, raised at fron (cowlick) and twist of head- does not engage with a viewer- has distant gaze The Abduction of Persephone, wall painting in Tomb 1, Vergina, ca. 340-330 BCE from small tomb at Vergina- subject=abduction of Persephone- appropriate to funeral setting-Pluto-carries away Persephone to be queen-pluto seizes Persephone into speeding chariot-her handmaiden rearing back in fright The Battle of Alexander and the Persians mosaic copy of ca. 00 BCE of a Hellenistic painting of ca. 315 BCE roman copies of Greek wall painting- may be copy of Philoxenos painting- depicts Darius and the fleeing Persians on right and damaged left-hand portiong depict figure of Alexander- mosaic- follows fourcolor scheme(yellow,red,black,white)- widely used in late 4th century Portrait, called Brutus, ca. 300 BCE rome- develop upon greek style-form art that became popular in this period= true-to-life(prenominal) PORTRAIT lips thin, lips one over the other, overbite= similar notion of greek emphasis on individual = maybe a republican ideal, showing elf as god, flaws, suggest philosophical stance Epigonos of Pergamon (? ), Dying Gaul trumpeter, perhaps a Roman copy of a bronze original of ca.230-220 BCE found in chancel of Athena on Akropolis of Pergamon- sculptor identifies enemy as Gaul through his bushy hair and moustache and by torque around his neck(braided gold band)- dies sink quietly to ground/struggling to prop imself up as blood pours from wound in chest. Drunken old woman and market woman, Roman copies of originals of ca. 00 BCE depict unidealized and realistic everyday life- genre=Hellenistic realism- Roman- crouches on ground, clasping wine bottle, head flung far back-wrinkles cover face, skin on her exposed shoulder and chest sags with age- wears buckled tunic= identify as member of wealthy social class- (other sculptures of this kind focus on rustic life on poor) Nike of Samothrace, ca. 190 BCE cele brates naval victories-nike-means victory- of Eudamos- Rhodian marble of sculptures base suggest sculpture comes from Rhodes.Victory goddess seems to be landing on prow of ship as if to bestow crown of victory upon Eudamos- maybe about to take flight, massive wings soar out behind her, wings make statue appear weightless despite mass of stone- neither leg holds the bodys full weight. Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE Eumenes II or Attalos II built it to commemorate territorial victories over Pontos and Bithynia and cheek of a grand victory festival(Nikephoria). Altar stood high on a podium with large rectangular encloser defined by Ionic colonnade. wide stairway at fron provided access. Stood on Pergamene Akropolis- reconstructed in Berlin-frieze encircle base-extends 400ft in length and 7ft in height-subject is battle of Gods and Giants Athena and the giants, from the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE muscular bodies rush at each other , overlapping, entwining, wings beat and barments blow in wind or twist around those they robe, texture contrasts with smoothness of giants flesh. -giants emotion pain in torment of defeat- brows creased in painSanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste, early 1st C. BCE -in italy- made to celebrate military victory of sola- oracular center where priests interpreted divine will- architec used cover to mold structures over entire surface of hillside and to craft spaces- sanctuary ascend in 7 levels- BOTTOM=basilica&senate house- UPPOER TERRACE=rose in grand crescendo-4TH=colonnaded exedrae framed altars Wall paintings from the villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, mid 1st.Century BCE molybdenum style- employed architectural vistas to open wall into a fantasy realm suggest another(prenominal) world beyond room Portrait of a man, early 1st century BCE wrinkles cover face, etching deep crags into cheeks and brows- depicted distinguishing marks=warts,hooked nose, recedin g hairline Temple of Portunus, Rome, ca. 80-70 BCE borrow Greek forms- in Italic style- stands on podium and engaged lateral columns emphasize frontal approach- Ionic coluns have slender proportions of Classical Greek temples Scenes of Dionysiac mystery cult, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompei, ca. 0-50 BCE 1st of MAUS FOUR STYLES OF PAINTING-(4 styles of roman wall painting= used paint and stucco to imitate expensive colored marble paneling- lower part of walla(the dado) and upper section above the cornice level are painted in rich mottled colors to resemble exotic block painting of a garden, Villa of Livia at Primaporta, ca. 20 BCE fresco -dining room- painted on all of the walls and ceiling so it looks like you are in a garden- frescos on all sides- light hitting different kinds of leaves- birds- leaves move in the wind- moving sensation Augustus of Primaporta, possibly a later copy of an original of ca. 0 CE depicted as ageless youth- appears in battledress with arm raised in ge sture of address- romans clothe sculptures, relaxed gesture- armor- pictures of his family, battles- represent life in armor- showing status- romans show specificperson- more political purpose, leading war with hand, armor, heigh preist, leader-CUPID=rides dolphin- acts as strut to strengthen marble- dolphin eoked sea Wall paintings, Ixion room, House of the Vettii, Pompei, 63-79 CE fourth style- united aspects of all lead preceding styles tocreate extravagant effect- combine imitationmarble paneling, framed mythological scenes resembling panel pictures set into wall Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompei, 2nd century BCE-79 CE eilte Roman house-distinct feature=atrium-square of simple central hall lit by opening in roof with shallow pool(impluvium) in ground to collect rainwater-airy quality=grandeur upon house, romans kept portraits of ancestorsWEEK 5ROMAN & gnarly Icon of the Madonna Enthroned, late 13th c. CE, poster color Interior, Cathedral of Monreale, Italy, 1180-11 90 CE Interior, St. Marks, Venice, begun 1063 CE Dome with mosaic of the Pantocrator, eleventh c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Crucifixion, mosaic, 11th c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Emperor Justinian and his attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Empress Theodora and her attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (previously Constantinople), 532-7 CE San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CE Interior, San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CEIcon of Christ, 6th c. CE, encaustic Iconoclasm Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE Good Shepherd, mosaic, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE The Good Shepherd and Stories of Jonah, 4th c. CE Catacomb of Ss. Pietro e Marcellino, Rome Constantine the Great, early 4th century CE large and deeply carved eyes- see something beyond this world-soft modeling to cheeks and mouth-more natural than tetrach-full cap of hair and absense of bea rd it reference to Trajan and Augustus Santa Costanza, Rome, ca. 350 CE Interior of Old St. Peters, Rome, built 324-400 CE (drawing by Jacopo Grimaldi, 1619) Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE people of rome dedicated triple-bayed arch to Constantine near colosseum to celebrate 10 year anniversary- largest imperial arches- little of sculptural relief on its surface was specifically designed for this monument- free-standing Dacian capties on attic originated in Trajans Forum as did Trajanic Frieze on ends of attic and inside central bay- Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE detail of Hadrianic rondels and Constantinian relief Constantine addressing a crowd, Arch of Constantine, 312-15 CE figures crowd the scene- heads are disproportionatel large- bodies stocky- poses unnaturally rigid- lines cared on flat surface render anatomical details- second row of heards arranged above first indicates recession- The Tetrarchs, 305 CE, porphyry during tetrachy-portraiture took radically abstrac t quality- two porphyry sculptural groups mounted on columns- each group shows two tetrachs in elaborate military dress with bird-headed sword hilts and flat pannonian caps=represent powerful Illyrian officer class-proportions are squat and nonnaturalistic, facial features abstract rather than individualized.=portrait suggest authority resides in office of emperor not in who holds office. =sameness of portraits underlines the tetrachs equality-porphyry-hard Egyptian stone reserved for imperial use Hadrians Villa, Tivoli, 130-138 CE emperor built magnificient residence for self- built on site of Republican villa- villas form follo natural line of landscape but massive earthworks rearranged terrain to accommodate architecture water is a common feature- in pools, running transmit=adding sound,motion,reflecting light, offering coolness in summer heat-canal has been known as CANOPUS Pantheon, Rome, 117-125 CE Augustus right-han dman=Agrippa built first Pantheon-name intended it as tem ple to gods- fire destroyed this temple and Domitian built reconstruction- Pantheon now work of Trajans architect=APOLLODORUS- completed in Hadrians reign-In roman times pantheon stood raised on a podium at south end of large rectangular court-octastyle facade- dome pierced with 27ft hole(OCULUS open to sky)- 143ft(total interior height is also domes diameter=sphere=eternity and perfection Trajans Column, Rome, 106-113 CE (height 38 m) support gilded statue of emperor- winding through interior of shaft is a spiral staircase leading to a viewing platform- credited as work of Apollodorus-role as velvedere(viewing station) Titus riding in triumph, Arch of Titus, 81 CE rides triumphal chariot, high above a buzz crowd- horses appear in profile but chariot is frontal=illusion that procession is approaching viwer before turning sharply- behind emperor-personification of victory crowns him for his success boost of spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, 81 CE soldiers carry booty through the streets including seven-branched menorah and other sacred furniture looted from Temple- panel marks important move toward spatial illusionism Colosseum, Rome, 72-80 CE held over 50 000 spectators-concrete-faced with travertine- 80 arched entrances led into building framed with tuscan columns- second story, Ionic columns framed second set of arches, third engaged Corinthian columns. WEEK 6Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, 1569-74, Edirne, Turkey Sultan-Muhammed, Allegory of Heavenly and Earthly Drunkenness, from a manuscript of the Divan of Hafiz, 1529 Detail of a rug from Iran, ca. 1575-1600 Behzad, Poor man refused admittance to a mosque, from a manuscript of the Bostan of Sadi, 1486 CE Court of the Lions, Alhambra, 14th c. CE, Granada, Spain Dome, Hall of the Abencerrajes, Alhambra, 14th c. CE, Granada, Spain Cloak of Roger II of Sicily, 12th c. CE The Temptation and Fall, Doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim Cathedral, ca. 1015 CE Detail of qibla wall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 10th c. CE Interior of Prayer Hall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 8th-10th c.CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims, 816-835 CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne, ca. 800-810 CE Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler, 9th C Kufic script from a Quran, 9th c. Chi Rho Iota Page, Book of Kells, ca. 800 CE St. Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Cross Page, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 and later Interior, Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 CE and later Belt buckle, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Purse cover, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Clasp, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE